Hot OR Cold :-
In scientific terms, hot and cold describe the presence or absence of thermal energy and the movement of particles:
Hot: Refers to high thermal energy. When a substance is hot, its atoms and molecules are moving or vibrating rapidly with high kinetic energy.
Cold: Science views cold not as a distinct form of energy, but simply as the absence or lack of heat. When a substance is cold, its molecules are moving slowly and possess low kinetic energy.
Key Rule of Thermodynamics: Heat energy always flows naturally from a hotter object to a colder one until both reach the same temperature (thermal equilibrium).
Temperature and Thermometers
1. What is Temperature?
Temperature is the measure of how hot or cold an object or substance is.
A cup of hot tea has a higher temperature.
Ice has a lower temperature.
Temperature tells us the degree of hotness or coldness.
2. What is a Thermometer?
A thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature.
The temperature is usually measured in:
Degree Celsius (°C)
Degree Fahrenheit (°F)
Kelvin (K)
3. Common Types of Thermometers
Clinical thermometer
Used to measure human body temperature.
Normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C.
It generally has a range of about 35°C to 42°C.
Laboratory thermometer
Used to measure the temperature of liquids and other substances in laboratories.
It generally has a wider range than a clinical thermometer.
Digital thermometer
Shows temperature on a digital display.
It is easy to read and does not use mercury.
Infrared thermometer
Measures temperature without direct contact.
It detects infrared radiation emitted by an object.
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